Protectorate

Protectorate (1912-1956)

• First Moroccan Crisis 

The First Moroccan Crisis ( also known as the Tangier Crisis) was an  international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco . The crisis worsened German relations with both France and the United kingdom, and helped enhance the new Anglo French Entente

Algeciras ConferenceThe Algeciras conference of 1906 took place in Algeciras, Spain, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to the First Moroccan Crisis of  1905 between France and Germany, which arose as Germany responded to France's effort to establish a protectorate over the independent state of Morocco. Germany was not  trying to stop French expansion - its goal was to enhance its own international prestige, and it failed badly. The result was a much closer relationship between France and Britain, thus strengthening the Entente Cordiale, with both London and Paris increasingly suspicious and distrustful of Berlin . An even more momentous consequence was the heightened sense of frustration and readiness for wor 

Agadir Crisis

The Agadir Crisis or second Moroccan Crisis (also known as the Panthersprung in German) was a brief international crisis sparked by the deployment of substantial force of french troops in the interior of Morocco in April 1911.

Germany did not object to France's expansion, but wanted territorial compensation for itselfe. 

Berlin threatened warfare, sent a gunboat, and stirred up angry German nationalists.

Treaty of Fez

The Treaty of Fez was a treaty signed on 0 March 1912 in which Sultan Abdelhafid agreed to allow France to make Morocco a French protectorate, ending the Agadir Crisis of 1 July 1911.

Germany recognised the French protectorate in Morocco, receiving in return territories in the French Equatorial African colony of Middle Congo (now the Republic of the congo). This land, known as Nekamerun, became part of the German colony  of Kamerun, part of German West Africa, although it only lasted briefly until it was captured by the Allies in World War1. As part of the treaty , Germany
 ceded France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad.

French protectorate in Morocco

The French protectorate in Morocco (French: Protectorat français au Maroc) was established by the Treaty of Fez. It existed from 1912, when a protectorate was formally established, until independence (18 November 1955), and consisted of the area of Morocco between the Corridor of Taza and the Draa River. 

Spanish protectorate in Morocco

The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish, sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.

The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterran and the  Strait of Gibraltar, and a southern part of the protectorate around Cape Juby, bordering the Spanish Sahara. The northern zone became part of independent Morocco on 7 April 1956, shortly after France had ceded her protectorat (Franch Morocco). Spain finally ceded her southern zone through the Treaty of Angra de Cintra around Cintra Bay on 1April 1958,only after the Short Ifni war. The City of Tangiers was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally controlled Status.

Franch conquest of Morocco

The French conquest of Morocco took place in 1911 in the after math of the Agadir Grisis , when Moroccan forces besieged the French-occupied City offez. On 0 March 1912, sultan Abdelhafid signed t Treaty of Fez, formally ceding Morocco into a protectorate of France however,many regions remained in revolt until 19, when Morocco authority was maintained by cooperation with local chiefs and not military strength.

Rif War

The Rif war was an armed conflict fought during the first half of the 1920s between the colonial power Spain (Later joined by France) and the Berber tribes of the Rif mountainous region.Led by Abd el-krim,the Riffiant at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using guerrilla tactics and captured European weapons . After France's military intervention against Abd el-krim's forces and the major Landing of Spanish troops at AlHoceima considered the first amplibious Landing in history to involve the use of tanks and aircraft,And el-krim surrendered to the Franch and was taken into exile.

Tangier Protocol

The Tangier protocol (formally the convention regarding the Organisation of the Statute of the Tangier zone) was an agreement signed between France, Spain and the United kingdom by which the City of Tangier in Morocco became the Tangier International zone.

The protocol was signed in Paris on 18 December 192 and entered into force with ratitication on 1May 192, starting from 1929 , Spain assumed the policing of the city.

An international legislative body was created to govern the City.Spain occupied Tangier From 190 to 195, taking advantage of France's occupation by Germany in 190.

The status of the International zone remained until it's 29 October 1956 reintegration with Morocco, following Morocco's independence that year.

Tangier International Zone

The Tangier International zone (Arabic ,منطقة طنجة الدولية Mintaqut Tanja ad-Dawliyya)

French zone International de Tanker, Spanish;  Zona International de Tanger) was a 7 square - kilometre (1sq mi) international zone centered on the City of Tangier, Morocco then under French and Spanish protectorate, under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom (later Peartugal, Italy, Belgium. The Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States). That existed From 192 until it's reintegration into independent Morocco in 1956.

The zone was governed in accordance with the Tangier Protocol, although the sultan of Morocco retained nominal sovereignty over the zone and jurisdiction over the native population.

Opposition to European control

The separatist Republic of the Rif was declared on 18 September 1921, by the people of the Rif.

It was dissolved by Spanish and French forces on 27May 1926.
In December 19, a small group of nationalists, members of the newly formed comité d'Action Marocaine, on Moroccan Action committee (CAM), proposed a plan of Reforms that called for a return to indirect rule as envisaged by the Treaty of Fez, admission of Morccans to government position, and establishment of representative councils . CAM used petition, newspaper editorials and personal appeals to French officials to further it's cause, but these proved inadequate, and the tensions created in the CAM by the failure of the plan caused it to split. The CAM was reconstituted as a nationalist political party to gain mass support far more radical demands, but the French suppressed the party in 197.