Territorial fragmentation (10th - 11th century AD)

Caliphate of Cordoba

The Caliphate of Cordoba (;trans. Khilafat Qurtuba) was a state in Islamic Iberia along with a part of North Africa ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. The state, with the capital in Cordoba, existed from 929 to 101. The region was formerly dominated by the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756 - 929). The period was characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and saw the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture. In January 929, Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaimed himself caliph (Arabic:) of Cordoba in place of his original title, Emir of Cordoba Amir Qurtuba). He was a member of the Umayyad dynasty, which had held the title of Emir of Cordoba since756.

Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate ( al Fatimiyun) was an Ismaili shia Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The dynasty of Arab origin ruled across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included in addition to Egypt varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan,Sicily, the Levant, and Hijaz.

The Fatimid claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the kutama Berbers, in the West of the North African littoral, in Algeria , in 909 conquering Raqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 98 they shifted their capital to Al-Mansuriya,near kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt and established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate; Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire. 

Banu Ifran

The Ifranids, also called Banu Ifran, Ifran, or the children of the Ifran (Arabic: بنو يفران, Banu Yifran),were a Zenata Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa.

The Banu Ifran resisted or revmlted against foreign occupiers-Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines-of their territory in Africa. In the seventh century, they sided with Kahina in her resistance against the Muslim Umayyad invaders. In the eighth  century they mobilized around the dogma of sufri, revolting against the Arab Umayyads and Abbasids.

Miknasa

The Miknasa (Berber: Imeknasen) is a Zenata Berber tribe in Morocco and western Algeria.

The Miknasa Berbers originated in southern Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia), but migrated westwards into central Morocco and western Algeria in pre-Islamic times. The modern Moroccan city of Meknes, which took its name from them, bears witness to their presence, as does the Spanish town of Mequinenza.

Maghrawa

The Maghrawa or Meghrawa (Berber:imeghrawen) were a large Zenata Berber tribe originating from what is now north of Morocco and Algeria to the mountainous Dahra region to western Algeria. They ruled these areas on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in the end of  the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century.